Spojovacie výrazy v angličtine na sloh

Prečo na nich záleží

Jedna zo štyroch oblastí, podľa ktorých sa hodnotí maturitný sloh, je členenie a stavba textu. To je štvrtina bodov zo slohu a spojovacie výrazy sú najrýchlejší spôsob, ako ju zlepšiť. Porovnaj:

Rovnaký obsah, iný dojem

I live in a small town. It is quiet. There is not much to do. Young people leave.I live in a small town which is quiet. However, there is not much to do, so many young people leave.

Druhá verzia nepridala žiadnu novú myšlienku, len ukázala, ako myšlienky súvisia: kontrast (However) a následok (so).

Menej je viac

Nemusíš ich mať v každej vete. Stačí jeden až dva na odsek, na správnom mieste. Text plný Moreover a Furthermore pôsobí strojene.

Pridanie myšlienky

Výraz	Význam	Príklad
In addition, ...	Okrem toho	In addition, the town has a new sports centre.
Moreover, ... / Furthermore, ...	Navyše, okrem toho (formálne)	Moreover, public transport is cheap.
What is more, ...	A čo viac	What is more, the staff were very friendly.
as well as + podstatné meno	ako aj	I enjoy reading as well as cooking.

Kontrast a protiargument

Výraz	Význam	Príklad
However, ...	Avšak	Online shopping is quick. However, it is easy to overspend.
Although + veta	Hoci	Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Despite / In spite of + podstatné meno alebo -ing	Napriek	Despite the rain, we went for a walk.
On the other hand, ...	Na druhej strane	On the other hand, living in a city can be lonely.
while / whereas + veta	zatiaľ čo	My sister loves sport, whereas I prefer books.

Dôvod a následok

Výraz	Význam	Príklad
because + veta	pretože	I stayed at home because I felt ill.
because of / due to + podstatné meno	kvôli	The match was cancelled due to the storm.
As a result, ... / Therefore, ...	Preto, v dôsledku toho	The tickets were cheap. As a result, the hall was full.
so + veta	tak, takže	It was late, so we took a taxi.

Príklad a vysvetlenie

Výraz	Význam	Príklad
For example, ... / For instance, ...	Napríklad	For example, many students work at weekends.
such as + podstatné mená	ako napríklad	I like water sports such as surfing and diving.
In other words, ...	Inými slovami	In other words, practice is more important than talent.

Poradie a štruktúra

Výraz	Význam	Príklad
First of all, ... / To begin with, ...	V prvom rade, na úvod	To begin with, let me introduce myself.
Secondly, ... / Then, ...	Po druhé, potom	Secondly, the location is perfect.
Finally, ... / Lastly, ...	Nakoniec, napokon	Finally, I would like to thank you.

Názor a záver

Výraz	Význam	Príklad
In my opinion, ... / I believe (that) ...	Podľa mňa, myslím si	In my opinion, school uniforms are a good idea.
To sum up, ... / In conclusion, ...	Na záver, zhrnuté	To sum up, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
All in all, ...	Celkovo	All in all, it was a great experience.

Najčastejšie pasce

1. Despite + veta

Despite it was cold, we swam in the lake.Despite the cold, we swam in the lake.Although it was cold, we swam in the lake.

Po despite a in spite of ide podstatné meno alebo tvar -ing, nikdy celá veta. Celú vetu spája although.

2. However ako spojka dvoch viet

I wanted to go, however I was ill.I wanted to go. However, I was ill.I wanted to go, but I was ill.

However začína novú vetu (alebo ide po bodkočiarke) a nasleduje za ním čiarka. Ak chceš dve vety spojiť jednou čiarkou, použi but.

3. Because of + veta

We stayed inside because of it was raining.We stayed inside because it was raining.We stayed inside because of the rain.

Rovnaké pravidlo ako pri despite: s of podstatné meno, bez of veta.

4. On the other hand bez prvej strany

On the other hand používaj, keď porovnávaš dve strany jednej veci. Ak len pridávaš ďalší argument, patrí tam In addition alebo Moreover. A on the contrary nie je to isté: znamená „práve naopak“ a opravuje predchádzajúce tvrdenie.

5. Formálne výrazy v liste kamarátovi

Furthermore a Moreover patria do eseje, článku alebo formálneho listu. V liste kamarátovi znejú neprirodzene, tam radšej Also, Plus alebo And another thing.

Precvič si

Doplň vhodný výraz. Riešenie je pod úlohami.

______ the bad weather, the concert took place outside.
The flat is small. ______, it is close to the centre.
She failed the test ______ she had not studied.
______, I think young people should read more.

Ukázať riešenie

1. Despite / In spite of, 2. However, 3. because, 4. To sum up / In conclusion (alebo In my opinion na začiatku textu).

Kurz SLOH B2 aj SLOH B1 má magic words rozdelené do samostatných videí s cvičeniami, takže ich nepoužívaš naslepo, ale vieš, kam ktorý patrí.